African Americans
Fought on both sides of war
Britain offered freedom to slaves that fought on their side
Many thought fighting for the patriots would give them freedom
James Armistead was a spy for patriots gaining trust of British
Many were freed after serving in the Continental Army
Women in the War
Throughout war Patriot women collected food, raised money made clothes for soldiers
Martha Washington – traveled with army, cooked, visited wounded soldiers, made clothes etc.
Some women dressed up as men and fought alongside the men
Mary Ludwig Hays – carried water to soldiers on the field “Mary Pitcher”, fired the canon when husband collapsed
Mercy Otis Warren – led boycotts,, wrote plays
Abigail Adams – Wrote letters spoke out on women’s rights
Phillis Wheatley - wrote poems
Valley Forge
(Penn) winter 1778 (Washington’s Army)
¼ of soldiers died from cold, disease and lack of food
Some left without permission due to terrible conditions
With help from Baron von Steuben the men were trained to march and work in a group.
Nathaniel Greene, appointed by George Washington Quartermaster General, in charge of supplies. He found food and supplies for the soldiers to help them get through the winter.
By spring the soldiers at Valley Forge were trained and full of spirit
Meanwhile the British soldiers had spent the winter eating, drinking and not training.
French and Indian War
1700’s English colonies becoming crowded, land expensive, and colonists start moving west into the back country along the Appalachian Mountains.
English start moving in on land claimed by French and strong Native American tribes
Ohio River Valley
Ohio River is a tributary of the Mississippi River
Explored by LaSalle
Very Fertile land
French built forts there to protect the land from the British and Indians
Washington sent with letter to tell the French that the Ohio River Valley is theirs.
Washington is turned away
French Build Fort Duquesne
Washington gets into a skirmish with French before reaching fort.
Forced back to Fort Necessity, a small fort built the day before by Washington’s men
Eventually soldiers gave up and returned to Virginia
British try to get the Iroquois to join in the fight against the French, they refuse
Second attempt on Fort Duquesne, led by General Braddock.
Washington was part of the army
2100 soldiers
Attacked by French and Indian forces
Braddock was killed
Washington learned strategies from the fight that he’d use later
British leaders back in England worried about how the war was going and sent soldiers over to help with the fight.
British started to win the war
Iroquois started to join the British because they were winning and they thought if they helped, it would help them keep their land.
Quebec, capital of New France was captured by British in 1759
Treaty of Paris 1763
French and British signed peace agreement
British took over French lands west of the Mississippi
Native American lost much of their land to the British.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Ottawa leader named Pontiac called warriors to revolt against British who were taking N.A. lands
Pontiac won a few battles but lost the war
King George III didn’t want to fight, issued the...
Proclamation of 1763
Colonist were no longer allowed to settle on land West of the Appalachian Mountains
Stamp Tax
George Grenville – close advisor of King George
designed the stamp tax to raise money to pay for French/Indian War.
Supported by King and Parliament
Stamp Act 1765
Tax on all printed material in colonies (newspaper, legal documents, playing cards)
Some colonists thought this unfair since they could not vote on decision
Patrick Henry – fiery speech against taxation
Sam Adams – created the sons of Liberty
Sons of Liberty – group of colonists who banned together against taxation
Protested by tar and feathering stamp seller
Protesting in streets
Hung fake stamp seller from a tree
“No taxation without representation”
British leader decided to repeal (take away) stamp tax in 1766
Townshend Acts
King George still wanted to tax colonists
Charles Townshend (treasurer of British Gove.)
Created Townshend Acts
Taxed all imported goods such as tea, paper, clothes, lead etc.
Wanted to show colonists who’s in charge
Colonists Boycott (refuse to buy goods)
Mercy Otis Warren encouraged people to stop buying tea and clothing, make their own
Inspired Daughters of Liberty
Group of women who made own things and stopped buying English goods.
Boycott hurt British businesses
1768 British Warships arrived in Boston Harbor to intimidate Colonists
Ben Franklin who was in England at the time warned that this was a bad idea and would only make matters worse. He was right.
Boston Massacre
Tension had been mounting for two years since Parliament passed a law that said American citizens had to provide housing for British soldiers. Colonists did not want the soldiers there. Colonists were not very kind to them
Called them Redcoats and Lobsterbacks
Threw snowballs or rocks at them
In Boston Colonists refused to give them housing
Soldiers camped out in a common area in tents
Didn’t want to be there
Got paid little
1770
Fight breaks out between group of mischief makers in front of the Boston Custom House
Crispus Attucks (escaped slavery) part of group
Pushing and shoving soldiers, throwing snowballs
Mob of Colonists yelled fire
Captain Prescott “hold your fire”
Soldiers in confusion fired into crowd
5 Americans died 7 wounded (Crispus Attucks dead)
Paul Revere (Silversmith)
Made etching of Boston Massacre making it look like many British soldiers were murdering Colonists
Etching passed around colonies drumming up more tension
John Adams – Cousin of Sam Adams
Lawyer – defended soldiers
Felt bad for them
Didn’t believe they’d done anything malicious
Helped 6 soldiers get not guilty verdict
Committee of Correspondence 1772
When Townshend act was repealed parliament kept the tax on tea and took away all other taxes. Tax wasn’t much but they wanted to show colonists who was in charge.
Sam Adams wanted to create a way to get news to other colonies about what was going on. He created the committee of correspondence. Members in each committee in the different colonies wrote letters that were delivered by express riders such as Paul Revere.
He could make it from Boston to N.Y. in a week.
Boston Tea Party
Following the end of the Townshend acts parliament continued to place a tax on imported tea from England.
Also colonial stores had to buy from East India Co. since they were struggling and George wanted to help them.
Colonists very angry didn’t want to pay tax, and didn’t want to be told who they had to buy from
Climb on board ship and dump tea in harbor
King George Furious (intolerable acts)
New soldiers in Boston Harbor
Colonists forced to house soldiers
Colony of Mass. Put under control of Thomas Gage (no town meetings without his approval)
Port of Boston is closed until tea is paid for
Closed port
Colonists couldn’t trade or fish, no supplies
Other colonies heard of Boston’s trouble
Conn. Sent money
S.C. sent rice
N.Y. sent sheep
Virginia set aside day to pray for Boston
Colonists now started choosing sides
Patriot – opposed to British rule
Loyalist – Loyal to King George
Continental Congress Sept 1774
Colonists decide to meet to discuss problems
Leaders from 12 colonies send representatives to Philadelphia. (George Washington, John and Sam Adams, John Jay, Alexander McDougall, Patrick Henry, John Rutledge, Peyton Randolph)
Congress decided:
Stop all trade with Britain until Intolerable acts repealed
Each colony would start training militia (volunteer army)
Minutemen – militia groups ready to fight in a minute
Agreed to meet in one year
Firebrands
Sam Adams- Trouble maker, inspires people, from Boston, Puritan background
Committee of Correspondence- communication with other colonies
Sons of Liberty-
Helped plan Boston Tea Party
Wanted to create a united America where the people ruled themselves
Patrick Henry- Great speaker, from south, country boy
First store keeper then planter- failed both
Studied law
Member of House of Burgesses
“ Give me liberty, or give me death!”
Thomas Paine- Great writer, from Philadelphia
Started in England as a corsets maker then ran off to sea
Then a grocer, school teacher, and tobacco seller
Ben Franklin helped him get a job in Philadelphia as a writer and magazine editor
Write pamphlet called common sense, which criticized England
“ These are the times that try men’s souls.”
Lexington and Concord April 1775
Patriots were worried about a war with England
New England started to stockpile canons and gunpowder in Concord
British officers heard about munitions
Paul Revere and friends heard that British were going to march to Concord and steal their loot.
Sam Adams and John Hancock were hiding out in Lexington (town between Boston and Concord) If caught they would be hung for treason.
Billy Dawes pretended to be drunk to get past soldiers in Boston and took off to warn patriots
Revere waited to find out which way redcoats were going. Sat in boat in Charles river
Spy sent to find out their direction
1 lantern in church tower if by land, 2 lanterns if by sea
Saw two lights, Revere rowed to Charlestown, jumped on horse and rode yelling to Patriot households “The British are coming”
Dawes and Revere made it to Lexington and warned Adams and Hancock
Stopped by British soldiers
Dr. Samuel Prescott was in Lexington, he took up the ride and warned those in concord saving the patriot arms
In Lexington, Patriot “minutemen” stood up to British soldiers
Captain John Parker “Stand your ground. Don’t fire unless fired upon. But if they mean to have a war let it begin here1”
Someone fired, no one knows which side.
“SHOT HEARD AROUND THE WORLD” Ralph Waldo Emerson
Beginning of War. April 19,1775 8 farmers lay dead
British soldiers marched to concord where arms had been hidden after warning.
Colonists came from everywhere and chased British back to Boston.
2 B died for every Patriot soldier
May 1775 Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia
John Hancock president of Congress
Formed Continental Army
Army with soldiers from all 13 colonies
John Adams elected George Washington Commander in Chief of Army.
Congress still tried to avoid war by writing a petition to the King
Olive Branch Petition
Olive Branch is a sign of peace
Colonists asked the King to consider their problems
Wanted to be loyal to him but also wanted greater freedom to govern themselves
King George refused to even read the letter.
June 1775 Battle of Bunker/Breed’s Hill
June night patriot soldiers under colonel William Prescott spent all night digging trenches and fortifications on Bunker and Breed’s hills. These hills overlook Boston Harbor, they wanted to force British out of Boston.
Colonel Prescott “wait until you see the whites of their eyes”
British advanced 3 times before patriots ran out of gun powder and retreated.
British – lost more than 1,000 men
Patriots – 441 men
Patriots took this as a win even though they were forced off the hills.
Declaration of Independence July 4th 1776
June -Committee member (Richard Henry Lee) boldly states that the colonies should be free and independent states.
Congress waits a month to find out if all colonies agree.
July, Congress appoints committee to write declaration: statement telling why colonists should be free
Members: John Adams, Ben Franklin,
Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, Thomas Jefferson
Writer: Thomas Jefferson appointed by Sam Adams to write declaration.
Declaration of Independence
Why colonists should have rights of their own and why they should be self governing.
Lists of acts that Britian committed against America
Announced that the colonies were now free and independent states.
Ended with brave vow to defend their new nation with “our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor”
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Even though Jefferson wrote in an antislavery section, Georgia and South Carolina would not sign it if included so they took it out. They thought slavery could be dealt with later.
July 4, 1776
Congress members all signed the declaration starting with John Hancock
With fear of being hung for treason, they vowed to all hang together.
Ethan Allen – outspoken, brave, strong
Commanded group of Vermont soldiers called Green Mountain boys
Captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775
Captured Cannons much needed by Patriots
Washing send Henry Knox to get captured cannons from mountains.
Cannons weighed 5,000 pounds
Built sleds and used to drag cannons 250 miles
Washington put cannons on hills above Boston
and scared British out of the city.
King George III hired thousands of German mercenaries
(soldiers from another country paid to fight)
Battle of Trenton
1776 Washington sends spies into British Camps
Volunteer spy Nathan Hale slips behind enemy lines and is captured
Before being hanged:
“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”
Nathan Hale
Soldiers camping in Pennsylvania
Cold, Hungry, sick,
Things not looking so good
Washington makes plans to attack Trenton, New Jersey
Trenton – held by an army of German Mercenaries called Hessians
Washington’s soldiers cross the Delaware River after dark on Dec. 25, 1776
Americans attack Trenton in the early morning
Surprised the drunk and unprepared Hessians
1,000 Hessians captured
Battle of Saratoga
Spring 1776
British General Burgoyne heads to Albany New York with 7,000 men hoping to cut off Americans
Polish dude Thaddeus Kosciusko built fort near Saratoga
Armies clashed in Sept/Oct
Key American leaders at battle General Benedict Arnold
British suffered heavy losses, ran out of food
Americans grew as nearby townspeople joined in the fray
Oct. 17th Burgoyne surrenders
* Saratoga is the turning point in the war
Americans defeated strong British forces
Ben Franklin had been trying to get the French to join the Americans, up until this point they didn’t think the Americans could win. After Saratoga they agreed to help.
Benedict Arnold is wounded and never leads American soldiers again, later he defects to the British side and is declared one of the most famous traitors in history
Fought on both sides of war
Britain offered freedom to slaves that fought on their side
Many thought fighting for the patriots would give them freedom
James Armistead was a spy for patriots gaining trust of British
Many were freed after serving in the Continental Army
Women in the War
Throughout war Patriot women collected food, raised money made clothes for soldiers
Martha Washington – traveled with army, cooked, visited wounded soldiers, made clothes etc.
Some women dressed up as men and fought alongside the men
Mary Ludwig Hays – carried water to soldiers on the field “Mary Pitcher”, fired the canon when husband collapsed
Mercy Otis Warren – led boycotts,, wrote plays
Abigail Adams – Wrote letters spoke out on women’s rights
Phillis Wheatley - wrote poems
Valley Forge
(Penn) winter 1778 (Washington’s Army)
¼ of soldiers died from cold, disease and lack of food
Some left without permission due to terrible conditions
With help from Baron von Steuben the men were trained to march and work in a group.
Nathaniel Greene, appointed by George Washington Quartermaster General, in charge of supplies. He found food and supplies for the soldiers to help them get through the winter.
By spring the soldiers at Valley Forge were trained and full of spirit
Meanwhile the British soldiers had spent the winter eating, drinking and not training.
French and Indian War
1700’s English colonies becoming crowded, land expensive, and colonists start moving west into the back country along the Appalachian Mountains.
English start moving in on land claimed by French and strong Native American tribes
Ohio River Valley
Ohio River is a tributary of the Mississippi River
Explored by LaSalle
Very Fertile land
French built forts there to protect the land from the British and Indians
Washington sent with letter to tell the French that the Ohio River Valley is theirs.
Washington is turned away
French Build Fort Duquesne
Washington gets into a skirmish with French before reaching fort.
Forced back to Fort Necessity, a small fort built the day before by Washington’s men
Eventually soldiers gave up and returned to Virginia
British try to get the Iroquois to join in the fight against the French, they refuse
Second attempt on Fort Duquesne, led by General Braddock.
Washington was part of the army
2100 soldiers
Attacked by French and Indian forces
Braddock was killed
Washington learned strategies from the fight that he’d use later
British leaders back in England worried about how the war was going and sent soldiers over to help with the fight.
British started to win the war
Iroquois started to join the British because they were winning and they thought if they helped, it would help them keep their land.
Quebec, capital of New France was captured by British in 1759
Treaty of Paris 1763
French and British signed peace agreement
British took over French lands west of the Mississippi
Native American lost much of their land to the British.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Ottawa leader named Pontiac called warriors to revolt against British who were taking N.A. lands
Pontiac won a few battles but lost the war
King George III didn’t want to fight, issued the...
Proclamation of 1763
Colonist were no longer allowed to settle on land West of the Appalachian Mountains
Stamp Tax
George Grenville – close advisor of King George
designed the stamp tax to raise money to pay for French/Indian War.
Supported by King and Parliament
Stamp Act 1765
Tax on all printed material in colonies (newspaper, legal documents, playing cards)
Some colonists thought this unfair since they could not vote on decision
Patrick Henry – fiery speech against taxation
Sam Adams – created the sons of Liberty
Sons of Liberty – group of colonists who banned together against taxation
Protested by tar and feathering stamp seller
Protesting in streets
Hung fake stamp seller from a tree
“No taxation without representation”
British leader decided to repeal (take away) stamp tax in 1766
Townshend Acts
King George still wanted to tax colonists
Charles Townshend (treasurer of British Gove.)
Created Townshend Acts
Taxed all imported goods such as tea, paper, clothes, lead etc.
Wanted to show colonists who’s in charge
Colonists Boycott (refuse to buy goods)
Mercy Otis Warren encouraged people to stop buying tea and clothing, make their own
Inspired Daughters of Liberty
Group of women who made own things and stopped buying English goods.
Boycott hurt British businesses
1768 British Warships arrived in Boston Harbor to intimidate Colonists
Ben Franklin who was in England at the time warned that this was a bad idea and would only make matters worse. He was right.
Boston Massacre
Tension had been mounting for two years since Parliament passed a law that said American citizens had to provide housing for British soldiers. Colonists did not want the soldiers there. Colonists were not very kind to them
Called them Redcoats and Lobsterbacks
Threw snowballs or rocks at them
In Boston Colonists refused to give them housing
Soldiers camped out in a common area in tents
Didn’t want to be there
Got paid little
1770
Fight breaks out between group of mischief makers in front of the Boston Custom House
Crispus Attucks (escaped slavery) part of group
Pushing and shoving soldiers, throwing snowballs
Mob of Colonists yelled fire
Captain Prescott “hold your fire”
Soldiers in confusion fired into crowd
5 Americans died 7 wounded (Crispus Attucks dead)
Paul Revere (Silversmith)
Made etching of Boston Massacre making it look like many British soldiers were murdering Colonists
Etching passed around colonies drumming up more tension
John Adams – Cousin of Sam Adams
Lawyer – defended soldiers
Felt bad for them
Didn’t believe they’d done anything malicious
Helped 6 soldiers get not guilty verdict
Committee of Correspondence 1772
When Townshend act was repealed parliament kept the tax on tea and took away all other taxes. Tax wasn’t much but they wanted to show colonists who was in charge.
Sam Adams wanted to create a way to get news to other colonies about what was going on. He created the committee of correspondence. Members in each committee in the different colonies wrote letters that were delivered by express riders such as Paul Revere.
He could make it from Boston to N.Y. in a week.
Boston Tea Party
Following the end of the Townshend acts parliament continued to place a tax on imported tea from England.
Also colonial stores had to buy from East India Co. since they were struggling and George wanted to help them.
Colonists very angry didn’t want to pay tax, and didn’t want to be told who they had to buy from
- 3 ships come into Boston Harbor with tea
Climb on board ship and dump tea in harbor
King George Furious (intolerable acts)
New soldiers in Boston Harbor
Colonists forced to house soldiers
Colony of Mass. Put under control of Thomas Gage (no town meetings without his approval)
Port of Boston is closed until tea is paid for
Closed port
Colonists couldn’t trade or fish, no supplies
Other colonies heard of Boston’s trouble
Conn. Sent money
S.C. sent rice
N.Y. sent sheep
Virginia set aside day to pray for Boston
Colonists now started choosing sides
Patriot – opposed to British rule
Loyalist – Loyal to King George
Continental Congress Sept 1774
Colonists decide to meet to discuss problems
Leaders from 12 colonies send representatives to Philadelphia. (George Washington, John and Sam Adams, John Jay, Alexander McDougall, Patrick Henry, John Rutledge, Peyton Randolph)
Congress decided:
Stop all trade with Britain until Intolerable acts repealed
Each colony would start training militia (volunteer army)
Minutemen – militia groups ready to fight in a minute
Agreed to meet in one year
- – Patrick Henry makes his famous speech
Firebrands
Sam Adams- Trouble maker, inspires people, from Boston, Puritan background
Committee of Correspondence- communication with other colonies
Sons of Liberty-
Helped plan Boston Tea Party
Wanted to create a united America where the people ruled themselves
Patrick Henry- Great speaker, from south, country boy
First store keeper then planter- failed both
Studied law
Member of House of Burgesses
“ Give me liberty, or give me death!”
Thomas Paine- Great writer, from Philadelphia
Started in England as a corsets maker then ran off to sea
Then a grocer, school teacher, and tobacco seller
Ben Franklin helped him get a job in Philadelphia as a writer and magazine editor
Write pamphlet called common sense, which criticized England
“ These are the times that try men’s souls.”
Lexington and Concord April 1775
Patriots were worried about a war with England
New England started to stockpile canons and gunpowder in Concord
British officers heard about munitions
Paul Revere and friends heard that British were going to march to Concord and steal their loot.
Sam Adams and John Hancock were hiding out in Lexington (town between Boston and Concord) If caught they would be hung for treason.
Billy Dawes pretended to be drunk to get past soldiers in Boston and took off to warn patriots
Revere waited to find out which way redcoats were going. Sat in boat in Charles river
Spy sent to find out their direction
1 lantern in church tower if by land, 2 lanterns if by sea
Saw two lights, Revere rowed to Charlestown, jumped on horse and rode yelling to Patriot households “The British are coming”
Dawes and Revere made it to Lexington and warned Adams and Hancock
Stopped by British soldiers
Dr. Samuel Prescott was in Lexington, he took up the ride and warned those in concord saving the patriot arms
In Lexington, Patriot “minutemen” stood up to British soldiers
Captain John Parker “Stand your ground. Don’t fire unless fired upon. But if they mean to have a war let it begin here1”
Someone fired, no one knows which side.
“SHOT HEARD AROUND THE WORLD” Ralph Waldo Emerson
Beginning of War. April 19,1775 8 farmers lay dead
British soldiers marched to concord where arms had been hidden after warning.
Colonists came from everywhere and chased British back to Boston.
2 B died for every Patriot soldier
May 1775 Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia
John Hancock president of Congress
Formed Continental Army
Army with soldiers from all 13 colonies
John Adams elected George Washington Commander in Chief of Army.
Congress still tried to avoid war by writing a petition to the King
Olive Branch Petition
Olive Branch is a sign of peace
Colonists asked the King to consider their problems
Wanted to be loyal to him but also wanted greater freedom to govern themselves
King George refused to even read the letter.
June 1775 Battle of Bunker/Breed’s Hill
June night patriot soldiers under colonel William Prescott spent all night digging trenches and fortifications on Bunker and Breed’s hills. These hills overlook Boston Harbor, they wanted to force British out of Boston.
Colonel Prescott “wait until you see the whites of their eyes”
British advanced 3 times before patriots ran out of gun powder and retreated.
British – lost more than 1,000 men
Patriots – 441 men
Patriots took this as a win even though they were forced off the hills.
Declaration of Independence July 4th 1776
June -Committee member (Richard Henry Lee) boldly states that the colonies should be free and independent states.
Congress waits a month to find out if all colonies agree.
July, Congress appoints committee to write declaration: statement telling why colonists should be free
Members: John Adams, Ben Franklin,
Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, Thomas Jefferson
Writer: Thomas Jefferson appointed by Sam Adams to write declaration.
Declaration of Independence
Why colonists should have rights of their own and why they should be self governing.
Lists of acts that Britian committed against America
Announced that the colonies were now free and independent states.
Ended with brave vow to defend their new nation with “our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor”
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Even though Jefferson wrote in an antislavery section, Georgia and South Carolina would not sign it if included so they took it out. They thought slavery could be dealt with later.
July 4, 1776
Congress members all signed the declaration starting with John Hancock
With fear of being hung for treason, they vowed to all hang together.
Ethan Allen – outspoken, brave, strong
Commanded group of Vermont soldiers called Green Mountain boys
Captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775
Captured Cannons much needed by Patriots
Washing send Henry Knox to get captured cannons from mountains.
Cannons weighed 5,000 pounds
Built sleds and used to drag cannons 250 miles
Washington put cannons on hills above Boston
and scared British out of the city.
King George III hired thousands of German mercenaries
(soldiers from another country paid to fight)
Battle of Trenton
1776 Washington sends spies into British Camps
Volunteer spy Nathan Hale slips behind enemy lines and is captured
Before being hanged:
“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”
Nathan Hale
Soldiers camping in Pennsylvania
Cold, Hungry, sick,
Things not looking so good
Washington makes plans to attack Trenton, New Jersey
Trenton – held by an army of German Mercenaries called Hessians
Washington’s soldiers cross the Delaware River after dark on Dec. 25, 1776
Americans attack Trenton in the early morning
Surprised the drunk and unprepared Hessians
1,000 Hessians captured
Battle of Saratoga
Spring 1776
British General Burgoyne heads to Albany New York with 7,000 men hoping to cut off Americans
Polish dude Thaddeus Kosciusko built fort near Saratoga
Armies clashed in Sept/Oct
Key American leaders at battle General Benedict Arnold
British suffered heavy losses, ran out of food
Americans grew as nearby townspeople joined in the fray
Oct. 17th Burgoyne surrenders
* Saratoga is the turning point in the war
Americans defeated strong British forces
Ben Franklin had been trying to get the French to join the Americans, up until this point they didn’t think the Americans could win. After Saratoga they agreed to help.
Benedict Arnold is wounded and never leads American soldiers again, later he defects to the British side and is declared one of the most famous traitors in history